La militarización de los puertos mexicanos (al menos de los más importantes: Veracruz, Coatzacoalcos, Salina Cruz, Manzanillo y Lázaro Cárdenas) se consumará si avanza en San Lázaro la iniciativa para reformar la ley de Puertos y la legislación de Navegación y Comercio Marítimo, además de la ley orgánica de la Administración Pública Federal.
Se trata de una reforma que, por lo pronto, quedó en suspenso debido a la oposición frontal de la marina mercante de nuestro país y la de algunos grupos políticos con intereses empresariales en la operación portuaria, como el que está detrás de la API Manzanillo.
La reforma se iba a discutir en la Cámara de Diputados el 10 de diciembre, pero el 11 el coordinador de la bancada de Morena, el colimense Mario Delgado, decidió en acuerdo con el Ejecutivo enviarla a la congeladora para dar tiempo de “abrir la discusión”.
Ahora bien, las columnas políticas en la capital del país sugieren una segunda condición para que avance esta iniciativa que, según sus críticos, entregaría a la Secretaría de Marina (Semar) el control de toda la actividad portuaria, incluido el comercio marítimo, la educación naval y la certificación de embarcaciones:
– Esta condición es que el titular de Comunicaciones y Transportes (SCT), Javier Jiménez Espriú, sea uno de los secretarios de Estado que salgan del gabinete en la necesaria renovación del equipo de gobierno de López Obrador.
Con el Secretario, se tendría que ir de la SCT el coordinador general de Puertos y Marina Mercante, Héctor López Gutiérrez, quien tuvo la osadía de disentir de la línea presidencial al afirmar que sólo los gobiernos dictatoriales tienen militarizados sus puertos, y al advertir que esa medida ahuyentaría de nuestro país a las compañías operadoras, afectando en consecuencia el volumen del comercio marítimo. Una declaración desmesurada que raya en la histeria.
EL TRASFONDO, LA SEGURIDAD
El lunes 9 de diciembre, López Obrador ya había tratado el tema en la mañanera. Ahí dejó en claro que otorgar el control de los puertos a la Semar no implica militarizar la operación portuaria ni la educación naval ni el cese de todo el personal que hasta ahora ha venido supervisando las actividades de marina mercante y comercio marítimo.
“Cuando se habla de militarizar, se exagera. No es eso. Es como se está actuando en aduanas y como estamos actuando en todo. ¿Por qué se nos descompuso tanto Colima que era un estado completamente tranquilo y ahora ya menos, pero sigue siendo, de acuerdo a su población, uno de los estados con más homicidios, con más violencia?, por el puerto de Manzanillo. No había control, sigue habiendo todavía problemas en los puertos, vamos a poner orden”, aseguró el Presidente.
De acuerdo al mandatario, los marinos mercantes no tienen por qué sentirse en riesgo de caer bajo la disciplina castrense. La mayoría de ellos se formaron en las escuelas náuticas mercantes de Veracruz o Mazatlán, que dependen de la Secretaría de Marina pero no son planteles militares, como sí lo es la Heroica Escuela Naval de Antón Lizardo, Veracruz, donde se forman los futuros oficiales de la Armada.
La iniciativa plantea quitarle a la SCT sus facultades en materia de autoridad marítima mercante y trasladarlas a la Semar, por ninguna otra razón que la seguridad. La actual estructura administrativa no ha conseguido reducir la porosidad de los puertos en materia de contrabando y tráfico de drogas. Y, para evitar la corrupción, hay que seguir una estrategia similar a la diseñada para enfrentar ese mismo problema en las aduanas, indicó López Obrador.
MILITARIZACIÓN DE FACTO
Para entregar a la Semar el control operativo de los puertos, quizá no se necesite cambiar la legislación. El gobierno federal ya ensayó en el sexenio pasado un esquema militar para la operación portuaria:
– En 2014 colocó como director de la administradora portuaria integral (API) de Manzanillo al vicealmirante Rubén Bustos, quien fue sustituido en 2016 por el contralmirante Alejandro Miranda.
Los motivos que llevaron a la Semar a comisionar a personal de la Armada para hacer trabajo administrativo en el campo civil, son los mismos que alientan una reforma legal para dejar los puertos mexicanos bajo el control militar. Y, precisamente, se recurrió a ese truco administrativo porque Peña Nieto no quiso o no pudo avanzar en el ámbito legal.
Según la reportera de Milenio, Elia Castillo, la reforma pendiente sería el final de un largo proceso de modificación del marco jurídico que le ha ido restando a la administración civil más y más aspectos del movimiento marítimo mercante:
– En marzo de 2016 El Ejecutivo planteó transferir facultades de la SCT a la Semar para operar las capitanías de puerto, por los altos índices delictivos registrados;
– En diciembre de ese año, la SCT publicó el decreto mediante el cual la autoridad marítima nacional la ejercería el Ejecutivo federal a través de la Semar;
– En septiembre de 2018, la transferencia de las capitanías de puerto de SCT a la Semar fue declarada constitucional por la Suprema Corte de Justicia de la Nación (Semar había tomado el control de las capitanías desde julio de 2017);
– Sin embargo, esta tendencia hacia la militarización no se evidenció sino hasta octubre de 2019, cuando ya en el gobierno de López Obrador la SCT rechazó la iniciativa de Morena que pretende la “militarización de una actividad que es civil”.
NARCOTRÁFICO Y CONTRABANDO
Manzanillo y Lázaro Cárdenas, los dos principales puertos del Pacífico, son las fronteras por donde entra la mayor cantidad de enervantes y precursores de drogas sintéticas que luego irán a Estados Unidos y a otros mercados del mundo o, más grave todavía, que se quedarán en el país.
Y todo esto ocurre a la vista y bajo las narices de una administración portuaria en manos de civiles, quienes argumentan la imposibilidad de revisar cada uno de los millones de contenedores que entran por esos puertos cada año.
Como nos lo explicó el entonces director de la API al grupo de analistas políticos, la verdad es que los carteles que operan en Manzanillo se encargan, mediante plata o plomo, de conseguir que el personal del puerto dé paso libre a ciertos contenedores. Nada es dejado al azar de las revisiones aleatorias.
Aunque en cierto modo, como dice un colega porteño, la API no es más que el dueño de la vecindad que debe cobrar la renta a los operadores portuarios, hay un margen para el ejercicio de la autoridad y ese margen es más amplio para un marino que para un civil.
Avance o no la reforma portuaria, el sentido común y la presión de Estados Unidos obligarán al gobierno de AMLO a no limitarse a una depuración de la Aduana: tendrá que reforzar la seguridad de todas las instalaciones.
Si la militarización de puertos como Manzanillo y Lázaro Cárdenas ya había avanzado en el sexenio anterior, el nuevo régimen de la 4T dio un paso atrás, urgido de desvirtuar las acusaciones que le hicieron durante la transición de estar militarizando el país. Y por eso volvió a invitar a civiles hacerse cargo de las API.
Pero el problema sigue siendo que Manzanillo requiere de un experto en seguridad, de alguien que sepa lo que acontece en los muelles, en el recinto portuario y, especialmente, en los patios externos.
Es en esos recintos fiscalizados donde, por falta de espacio en el puerto interior, la carga puede almacenarse temporalmente para luego regresar al recinto fiscal y pasar por la aduana.
Ese movimiento en el que técnicamente la carga no sale de la zona federal pero físicamente sí lo hace, da la oportunidad para que los contenedores sean vaciados de las mercancías que pretenden pasar de contrabando o que suponen tráfico de drogas.
EL MUNDO SE MILITARIZA
Es cierto que, en el comercio global, la inercia fue hacia la desregulación. Pero en los últimos años ha habido un viraje hacia la defensa de los mercados nacionales y, con ello, viene aparejada una tendencia hacia la militarización.
Nada más global que internet, por ejemplo. Y, sin embargo, en Estados Unidos se discute ahora mismo si el Pentágono debe retomar el control de la supercarretera de la información.
La red se desarrolló como un asunto de seguridad nacional, para que la información de los misiles nucleares no estuviera guardada en una sola computadora, sino en todas a la vez.
Más tarde, el Ejército cedió el funcionamiento de internet a las universidades, donde sirvió para agilizar la comunicación académica. Finalmente, la world wide web se transformó en un ciberespacio comercializable al que hoy los militares quieren poner candados, como ocurre en China.
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